This is the answer by Tim Turnquist, I have made a Q&A from his original post.

I am new to Odoo and have struggled getting my local development environment set up properly to mimic the Odoo.sh (Enterprise) instance that we have. It uses the Odoo Docker Image that is on the Docker Hub, but adds an easy way to include the Enterprise addons. I have recently completed setting this up and thought I might share what I learned with the community. 

1. FIrst, install Docker (https://docs.docker.com/install/)

2. Then create a file structure that looks like this:

3. addons
   config
       odoo.conf
   enterprise
   docker-compose.yml
   

4. Inside of the 'addons' folder clone/checkout your local code modules

5. Inside of the 'config' folder have one file, odoo.conf that contains:

6. [options]
   addons_path = /home/odoo/user,/home/odoo/enterprise

7. Inside of the 'enterprise' folder put all of the enterprise addons

8. And, finally, the docker-compose.yml should look like this:

9. version: '2'
   services:
     web:
       container_name: odoo
       image: odoo:11.0
       depends_on:
         - db
       ports:
         - "8069:8069"
       volumes:
         - odoo-web-data:/var/lib/odoo
         - ./config:/etc/odoo
         - ./enterprise/addons:/home/odoo/enterprise
         - ./addons:/home/odoo/user
     db:
       container_name: db
       image: postgres:9.4
       environment:
         - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=odoo
         - POSTGRES_USER=odoo
         - PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
       volumes:
         - odoo-db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
   volumes:
     odoo-web-data:
     odoo-db-data:

10. Once you have everything in place, run the following command:

11. docker-compose up -d

12. That will create a Docker Container for your database and another one for your Odoo code

13. With your customized code in the 'addons' folder, point your IDE there and start coding.

14. Your code changes can be seen at http://localhost:8069. (You may need to recycle your Odoo container, upgrade your app or update the apps list to see the changes)
    

While this is not an exact replica of Odoo.sh, it is fairly close and enables me to get up and into development mode quickly and easily. I hope this helps someone.

Please let me know if you have any questions, comments or other feedback.