I know what is a standard cost and what is a calculated Cost (average or FIFO or LIFO) or a supplier price.
But I do not understand how Odoo handles these different concepts.
for instance in V10 the product form has a button called "set standard price" allowing to change the COST of the product.
Where are these important concepts described in terms of usage by the Odoo apps into the documentation?
I do not understand your question, but you may want to read the documentation here: https://www.odoo.com/documentation/user/10.0/accounting.html chapter "Others/inventory" and then revert with specific question(s).