Setting priority for already defined templates doesn't seem to be possible. At least in a flexible way which would take care of allowing further overriding.

So, the only way to e.g. reorder Product Categories and Product Attribute's Filters in Shop would be to employ JS:

        var $attr_to_reorder = $('.js_attributes', oe_website_sale);

        var $categ_to_reorder = $('#products_grid_before > ul', oe_website_sale);

        $categ_to_reorder.insertBefore($attr_to_reorder);