Hello all, I have been dealing with this problem for a long time and I have finally found the reason for this problem and a solution, so I'm publishing it here to help people that might have the same problem.
This happens when you had defined a new field on a custom module -> installed the module -> later you decided yo no longer need that field so you delete it in your custom module (or someone else deletes the field, you update the project with 'pull') and then you update the module on Odoo.
The solution would be:
1) Find the module in which the field was defined (this might be hard, as the field is already deleted when you have this error)
2) Uninstall the module (warning: just updating the module doesn't work, I've already tried it many times)
3) Install the module again
It might look stupid to unistall and reinstall the module again instead of jus updating it but trust me it works. The dificult part here is to find the module in which the field has once been defined, as it not longer exists in the module and it becomes even harder if it wasn't you who deleted the field on de module (maybe a colleague deleted it, you updated the project from git, and now you are unable to find the field in the project, so you can't find where it was defined).