In general, this is applicable to every 'pre-defined' data-record in Odoo:

Just upgrade the module that defines the data-record. Odoo will create it, if it doesn't exist (anymore).
Note: Odoo may no necessarily update such a record if it does exists. This is controlled via the noupdate-flag.

In your case, this would be the module Automation Rules (technical name: base_automation) since 'Automation Rules: check and execute' ir.cron is defined in there (see https://github.com/odoo/odoo/blob/18.0/addons/base_automation/data/base_automation_data.xml). You need to go to Apps, (remove the Apps-filter from the search bar) search for Automation Rules, and upgrade this module.

Also note: Manually (re-)creating such a record usually does not work, because Odoo most often refers to the record's id (this would be base_automation.ir_cron_data_base_automation_check in this particular case) that can not be set from UI.