Activate the inventory app and Barcode app. 

Odoo got default labels that can be printed with barcodes.  But would need to modify these to meet your business specific requirement.   Odoo uses Barcode format Code128 as default. Support also for GS1 standard exist default.

Goods receipt: New products must be created before you can create a purchase order.   I am not quite sure it would recognize the product directly from the vendor product, but certainly you have the vendor product name and number in the vendor price list.

Traceability is done with Lot number. So activate lot numbers, and you can either use the lot number (some call it Batch number) from the vendor, or create your own on goods receipt.

Label print are done after validation of what have been received. Can be set to be done automatic if a printer is connected via IOT box. 

But there is a lot more related to using barcode, so update your self on the documentation.  There are also some third party apps for Odoo that I find is more flexible in configuration than the standard one from Odoo.

Also for printing you can avoid the Odoo IOT box with third party apps.