I am not certain about your exact system setup, but you should be able to run a couple of simple commands from the shell:

su odoo
cd YOUR_ODOO_DIRECTORY
# If your module has never been installed, you would run:
./odoo.py -c CONFIG_FILE_PATH -d YOUR_DB -i YOUR_MODULE 

# If your module has already been installed, you would run:
./odoo.py -c CONFIG_FILE_PATH -d YOUR_DB -u YOUR_MODULE

Those are the commands to run the server manually. You may have an "odoo-server" service setup, where you would be able to run something like "service odoo-server restart". This depends on how you installed Odoo in the first place.

Regardless of how your server is installed, you can always do the following:

1. Add your module to the addons path

2. Restart Odoo server (either with manual commands or service)

3. Activate Odoo Developer Mode (https://www.odoo.com/slides/slide/debug-like-a-pro-the-developer-mode-453)
   

4. Go to Apps menu in Odoo

5. Click "Update Apps List"

6. Search for your app & install
   

Good luck!