you need to assign the values to the corresponding fields using the Odoo JavaScript API. Here's an example of how you can modify your script to achieve this:

navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(successCallback, errorCallback, options);

function successCallback(position) {
const { accuracy, latitude, longitude, altitude, heading, speed } = position.coords;

// Use Odoo JavaScript API to set field values
odoo.define('your_module_name.your_script_name', function (require) {
"use strict";

var FormController = require('web.FormController');
var formController = new FormController();
var model = 'your.model'; // Replace with your actual model name

formController.widget = {};
formController.widget.fields = {};

// Set field values
formController.widget.fields['latitude'] = latitude;
formController.widget.fields['longitude'] = longitude;

// Save the record
formController.widget.saveRecord(model, null);
});
}

function errorCallback(error) {
console.error('Error getting geolocation:', error);
}

In the above code, we use the Odoo JavaScript API to set the field values latitude and longitude using the FormController. Replace 'your_module_name' with the actual name of your module and 'your.model' with the name of the model you are working with.

By using the Odoo JavaScript API, the field values will be properly assigned to the underlying record and saved in the database when you call saveRecord().

Make sure to include this JavaScript code in a JavaScript file within your Odoo module and load it properly in the corresponding view.

Hi,
If you want to add new functionality to a field in Odoo, creating a new field widget can be a solution. By creating a custom field widget, you can customize the behavior and appearance of the field to meet your specific requirements.
To create a new field widget in Odoo, you can follow a step-by-step guide provided in this blog. "https://www.cybrosys.com/blog/how-to-create-a-field-widget-in-the-odoo-16"

Hope it helps