Update ir.model.access.csv:

id,name,model_id:id,group_id:id,perm_read,perm_write,perm_create,perm_unlink
access_payment_provider,access_payment_provider,your_module.model_payment_provider,base.group_user,1,1,1,1

Make sure your model payment.provider exists in models.py.

Restart Odoo and upgrade your module.

Your csv doesn't have proper content. I'd recommend you open it with LibreCalc to make sure all data are correct and not a comma or sometime space are redundant.
In your case, at least the group_id is issming, maybe you need a base.group_user or something there, not an empty value.

| id                    | name                    | model_id:id          | group_id:id | perm_read | perm_write | perm_create | perm_unlink |

|-----------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|-------------|-------------|

| access_payment_provider | access_payment_provider | model_payment_provider |             | 1         | 1           | 1           | 1           |